Ans.
Advantages of Data Mining
Marketing / Retail
Data mining helps marketing companies build models based on historical data to predict who will respond to the new marketing campaigns such as direct mail,
online marketing campaign…etc. Through the results, marketers will have an appropriate approach to selling profitable products to targeted customers.
Data mining brings a lot of benefits to retail companies in the same way as marketing. Through market basket analysis, a store can have an appropriate production
arrangement in a way that customers can buy frequent buying products together with pleasant. In addition, it also helps the retail companies offer certain discounts
for particular products that will attract more customers.
Finance / Banking
Data mining gives financial institutions information about loan information and credit reporting. By building a model from historical customer’s data, the bank,
and financial institution can determine good and bad loans. In addition, data mining helps banks detect fraudulent credit card transactions to protect credit card’s
owner.
Manufacturing
By applying data mining in operational engineering data, manufacturers can detect faulty equipment and determine optimal control parameters. For example,
semiconductor manufacturers have a challenge that even the conditions of manufacturing environments at different wafer production plants are similar, the quality
of wafer are a lot the same and some for unknown reasons even has defects. Data mining has been applying to determine the ranges of control parameters that lead
to the production of the golden wafer. Then those optimal control parameters are used to manufacture wafers with desired quality.
Governments
Data mining helps government agency by digging and analyzing records of the financial transaction to build patterns that can detect money laundering or criminal
activities.
Limitation of data mining
Privacy Issues
The concerns about the personal privacy have been increasing enormously recently especially when the internet is booming with social networks, e-commerce,
forums, blogs…. Because of privacy issues, people are afraid of their personal information is collected and used in an unethical way that potentially causing them a
lot of troubles. Businesses collect information about their customers in many ways for understanding their purchasing behaviors trends. However businesses don’t
last forever, some days they may be acquired by other or gone. At this time, the personal information they own probably is sold to other or leak.
Security issues
Security is a big issue. Businesses own information about their employees and customers including social security number, birthday, payroll and etc. However how
properly this information is taken care is still in questions. There have been a lot of cases that hackers accessed and stole big data of customers from the big
corporation such as Ford Motor Credit Company, Sony… with so much personal and financial information available, the credit card stolen and identity theft
become a big problem.
Misuse of information/inaccurate information
Information is collected through data mining intended for the ethical purposes can be misused. This information may be exploited by unethical people or
businesses to take benefits of vulnerable people or discriminate against a group of people.
In addition, data mining technique is not perfectly accurate. Therefore, if inaccurate information is used for decision-making, it will cause serious consequence.
Business Intelligence
The term business intelligence (BI) typically refers to a set of business processes for collecting and analyzing business information. This includes the technology
used in these processes, and the information obtained from these processes.
The information economy puts a premium on high quality actionable information — exactly what Business Intelligence (BI) tools like data warehousing, data
mining, and OLAP can provide to the business. A close look at the different organisational functions suggests that BI can play a crucial role in almost every
function. It can give new and often surprising insights about customer behavior; thereby helping the businesses meeting their ever-changing needs and desires. On
the supply side, BI can help businesses to identify their best vendors and determine what separates them from not so good vendors. It can give businesses better
understanding of inventory and its movement and also help improve production and storefront operations through better category management. Through a host of
analyses and reports, BI can also improve internal organisational support functions like finance and human resource management of any business.
Business Intelligence is applicable to all types of businesses; however, the magnitude of gains may vary. Here we will discuss in detail how BI can improve the key
functional areas and thereby the overall productivity of the business.
Big Data Technology
Big Data and data mining are completely different concepts. However, both concepts involve the use of large data sets to handle the collection or reporting of data
that helps businesses or clients make better decisions. However, the two concepts are used in two different elements of this operation.
The term Big Data can be defined simply as large data sets that outgrow simple databases and data handling architectures. For example, data that cannot be easily
handled in Excel spreadsheets may be referred to as Big Data.


Data mining relates to the process of going through large sets of data to identify relevant or pertinent information. Businesses often collect large data sets that may
be automatically collected. However, decision makers need access to smaller, more specific pieces of data and use data mining to identify specific data that may
help their businesses make better leadership and management decisions.

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Total cost of ownership (TCO) – 3 Key Components of TCO

Total cost of ownership (TCO) is an analysis that places a single value on the complete lifecycle of a capital purchase. This value includes every phase of ownership: acquisition, operation, and the softer costs of change management that flows down from acquisition such as documentation and training.

How does Total Cost compare to Price?

Total cost of ownership (TCO) highlights the difference between purchase price and long-term cost. This analysis came into the spotlight starting in the mid-eighties due to the expenses in supporting hardware and software IT acquisitions. Managers discovered that supporting the equipment and software could cost between 5 and 8 times the purchase price.

Once the differences between total cost of ownership (TCO) and price came into the forefront, companies began to take advantage of this calculation for a number of different capital investment decisions: buildings, vehicles, manufacturing equipment and information technology infrastructure.

There are a number of different ways this analysis is useful to decision makers. Total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis can help make critical lease vs. buy comparisons. By incorporating this into the acquisition process, it directly impacts outcomes in vendor selection, prioritization of capital acquisition, and overall corporate budgeting.

What is included in TCO Analysis?

There are three key components to TCO calculations:

1. Acquisition/Physical Hardware Costs
2. Operating Costs
3. Personnel Costs

Let’s look at each of these in turn.

Acquisition Costs

Acquisition/Physical Hardware costs include the cost of equipment or property before taxes, but after commissions, discounts, purchasing incentives, and closing costs. Sometimes this will include one-time peripheral equipment or upgrades necessary to installation or utilization of the asset.

Operating Costs

Operating costs include subscriptions or services needed to put the item into business use. This includes utility costs, direct operator labor, and initial training costs.

Personnel Costs

Personnel overhead may include administrative staffing, support personnel to the equipment, facility housing the equipment and operators. This may include ongoing training and troubleshooting labor for maintenance purposes.

Accounting Contributions

True total cost can include not only costs but incremental savings or revenue flows created by the capital investment. The change in cash flows versus the "business as usual" option is what mitigates total cost of ownership (TCO). Those monies must be valued using Net Present Value calculations to consider the values over time.

Real total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis is a critical tool in the decision-making toolbox for any sized business. It requires both an understanding of the investment considered and the potential business impact to find the right answer.

Top 10 Security Threats

What are the specific threats that you should be aware of for the Security+ exam? Here's a list of the top 10 security threats you should be aware of.

1. Privilege Escalation

Software programs often have bugs that can be exploited. These bugs can be used to gain access to certain resources with higher privileges that can bypass security controls.

2. Virus

The term "virus" has been used as a catchall phrase for many threats. Essentially, a virus is a computer program that, like a medical virus, has the ability to replicate and infect other computers. Viruses are transmitted over networks or via USB drives and other portable media.

3. Worm

A worm is a specific type of virus. Unlike a typical virus, it's goal isn't to alter system files, but to replicate so many times that it consumes hard disk space or memory. Worm victims will notice their computers running slower or crashing.

4. Trojan

Trojan horses, commonly referred to as Trojan, are programs. They masquerade as normal, safe applications, but their mission is to allow a hacker remote access to your computer. In turn, the infected computer can be used as part of a denial of service attack and data theft can occur.

A particularly nasty Trojan is a keystroke logger than can be used to capture passwords, credit card numbers and other sensitive information.

5. Spyware

Spyware usually invades computers through software downloads. Shareware and freeware downloads, in addition to peer-to-peer file sharing are typical infection points. Like Trojans, spyware can pilfer sensitive information, but are often used as advertising tools as well. The intent is to gather a user's information by monitoring Internet activity and transmitting that to an attacker.

6. Spam

Some view spam is more of an annoyance than a threat. Still, legislation like the CAN-SPAM Act has been enacted to help combat the problem, so that view may not hold weight with many others. Spam is unsolicited junk mail. It comes in the form of an advertisement, and in addition to being a time waster, has he ability to consume precious network bandwidth.

7. Adware

Similar to spyware, adware observes a user's Internet browsing habits. But the purpose is to be able to better target the display of web advertisements.

8. Rootkits

Rootkits are some of the most difficult to detect. They are activated when your system boots up -- before anti-virus software is started. Rootkits allow the installation of files and accounts, or the purposes of intercepting sensitive information.

9. Botnets

Botnets are created with a Trojan and reside on IRC networks. The bot can launch an IRC client, and join chat room in order to spam and launch denial of service attacks.

10. Logic bomb

You may have also heard the term "slag code" to refer to logic bombs. They are bits of code added to software that will set off a specific function. Logic bombs are similar to viruses in that they can perform malicious actions like deleting files and corrupting data.

 

How does encryption ensure data security?

Online Tech's Senior Product Architect Steve Aiello continues his data security series of videos on data encryption by explaining how encryption fits into the three premises of security.

1. Confidentiality - keeping data private
2. Integrity - the accuracy of your data
3. Availability - keeping your web server online and data available

Encryption helps with mainly the premise of confidentiality - keeping prying eyes off of confidential data.

Aiello explains how the balance of all three premises may be difficult to balance while keeping data confidential.

Identifying critical data, such as protected health information (PHI) for the healthcare industry and credit cardholder data (CHD) for the ecommerce and retail industry, is the first step toward determining what data needs to be encrypted and confidential.

Advantages and disadvantages of knowledge management

Consider the measurable benefits of capturing and using knowledge more effectively in your business. The following are all possible outcomes:

• An improvement in the goods or services you offer and the processes that you use to sell them. For example, identifying market trends before they happen might enable you to offer products and services to customers before your competitors.
• Increased customer satisfaction because you have a greater understanding of their requirements through feedback from customer communications.
• An increase in the quality of your suppliers, resulting from better awareness of what customers want and what your staff require.
• Improved staff productivity, because employees are able to benefit from colleagues' knowledge and expertise to find out the best way to get things done. They'll also feel more appreciated in a business where their ideas are listened to.
• Increased business efficiency, by making better use of in-house expertise.
• Better recruitment and staffing policies. For instance, if you have increased knowledge of what your customers are looking for, you're better able to find the right staff to serve them.
• The ability to sell or license your knowledge to others. You may be able to use your knowledge and expertise in an advisory or consultancy capacity. In order to do so, though, make sure that you protect your intellectual property. 

Challenges of knowledge management

In order to maximise the benefit of knowledge management within your business you may have to overcome the following challenges:

• Capturing and recording business knowledge - ensure your business has processes in place to capture and record business knowledge.
• Sharing information and knowledge – develop a culture within your business for sharing knowledge between employees.
• Business strategy and goals – without clear goals or a business strategy in place for the knowledge gathered the information will be of no use to your business.
• Knowledge management systems – these systems can be costly and complex to understand but when utilised properly can provide huge business benefits. It is important that staff are fully trained on these systems so that they collect and record the right data.

DECISION MAKING USING OLAP

A Decision Support System (DSS) is any tool used to improve the process of decision making in complex systems. A DSS can range from a system that answer simple queries and allows a subsequent decision to be made, to a system that employ artificial intelligence and provides detailed querying across a spectrum of related datasets. Amongst the most important application areas of DSS are those complicated systems that directly “answer” questions, in particular high level “what-if” scenario modeling. Over the last decade there was a transition to decision support using data warehouses (Inmon 2002). The data warehouse environment is more controlled and therefore more reliable for decision support than the previous methods.

Dive in deep

OLAPThe term, of course, stands for ‘On-Line Analytical Processing’. But that is not only a definition; it’s not even a clear description of what OLAP means. It certainly gives no indication of why you would want to use an OLAP tool, or even what an OLAP tool actually does. And it gives you no help in deciding if a product is an OLAP tool or not.

We hit this problem as soon as we started researching The OLAP Report in late 1994 as we needed to decide which products fell into the category. Deciding what is an OLAP has not got any easier since then, as more and more vendors claim to have ‘OLAP compliant’ products, whatever that may mean (often they don’t even know). It is not possible to rely on the vendors’ own descriptions and membership of the long-defunct OLAP Council was not a reliable indicator of whether or not a company produces OLAP products. For example, several significant OLAP vendors were never members or resigned, and several members were not OLAP vendors. Membership of the instantly moribund replacement Analytical Solutions Forum was even less of a guide, as it was intended to include non-OLAP vendors.

The Codd rules also turned out to be an unsuitable way of detecting ‘OLAP compliance’, so we were forced to create our own definition. It had to be simple, memorable and product-independent, and the resulting definition is the ‘FASMI’ test. The key thing that all OLAP products have in common is multidimensionality, but that is not the only requirement for an OLAP product.

Online Analytical Processing, or OLAP is an approach to quickly provide answers to analytical queries that are multidimensional in nature. OLAP is part of the broader category business intelligence, which also encompasses relational reporting and data mining. The typical applications of OLAP are in business reporting for sales, marketing, management reporting, business process management (BPM), budgeting and forecasting, financial reporting and similar areas. The term OLAP was created as a slight modification of the traditional database term OLTP (Online Transaction Processing).

Databases configured for OLAP employ a multidimensional data model, allowing for complex analytical and ad-hoc queries with a rapid execution time. They borrow aspects of navigational databases and hierarchical databases that are speedier than their relational kin. Drill down in EIS

An Executive Information System (EIS) is a type of management information system intended to facilitate and support the information and decision making needs of senior executives by providing easy access to both internal and external information relevant to meeting the strategic goals of the organization. It is commonly considered as a specialized form of a Decision Support System (DSS).

The emphasis of EIS is on graphical displays and easy-to-use user interfaces. They offer strong reporting and drill-down capabilities. In general, EIS are enterprise-wide DSS that help top-level executives analyze, compare, and highlight trends in important variables so that they can monitor performance and identify opportunities and problems. EIS and data warehousing technologies are converging in the marketplace.

In recent years, the term EIS has lost popularity in favour of Business Intelligence (with the sub areas of reporting, analytics, and digital dashboards).

EIS enables executives to find those data according to user-defined criteria and promote information- based insight and understanding. Unlike a traditional management information system presentation, EIS can distinguish between vital and seldom-used data, and track different key critical activities for executives, both which are helpful in evaluate if the company is meeting its corporate objectives. After realizing its advantages, people have applied EIS in many areas, especially, in manufacturing, marketing,and finance areas.

Basically, manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. It is a large branch of industry and of secondary production. Manufacturing operational control focuses on day-to-day operations, and the central idea of this process is effectiveness and efficiency. To produce meaningful

managerial and operational information for controlling manufacturing operations, the executive has to make changes in the decision processes. EIS provides the evaluation of vendors and buyers, the evaluation of purchased materials and parts, and analysis of critical purchasing areas. Therefore, the executive can oversee and review purchasing operations effectively with EIS. In addition, because production planning and control depends heavily on the plant’s data base and its communications with all manufacturing work centers, EIS also provides an approach to improve production planning and control.

The future of executive info systems will not be bound by mainframe computer systems. This trend allows executives escaping from learning different computer operating systems and substantially decreases the implementation costs for companies. Because utilizing existing software applications lies in this trend, executives will also eliminate the need to learn a new or special language for the EIS package. Future executive information systems will not only provide a system that supports senior executives, but also contain the information needs for middle managers. The future executive information systems will become diverse because of integrating potential new applications and technology into the systems, such as incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and integrating multimedia characteristics and ISDN technology into an EIS.

In tandem with the growth of the Internet and e-business, the number of digital data sources has increased immensely. These data sources contain important transactional data and are generally interconnected via a network. This has created a pressing need for a suitable executive information system (EIS) that is capable of extracting data from internal and external data sources and providing data analysis on demand for business executives. On-demand data analysis requires an information integration approach that can manage rapid changes in data sources. Existing EISs commonly adopt data warehousing technology to consolidate data from multiple sources in a tailor-made fashion, and support predefined multidimensional data analysis. However, this architecture is neither adaptable to changes in local sources nor flexible enough for ad hoc analyses. This paper develops methods and algorithms for a new EIS architecture that takes advantage of a meta-database to achieve adaptability and flexibility. A PC-based prototype is built to prove the concept.

Databases in e-business

Today’s businesses have spent heavily on e-business solutions and web based applications in order to promote and sell products, provide customer service, and interact with business partners on the Web.

The suit, tie and sample case are mostly a thing of the past. Cold calls are not always as cold as they used to be. Best of all, conducting business wearing fuzzy bunny slippers is easier than it ever used to be. A lot of the praise for this can be put on e-business and databases – two entities that are inextricably intertwined.

Databases are a sophisticated way of storing information. Their purpose has always been to store and cataloginformation so that it can be retrieved later. Business has understood this implicitly. They have long used databases to store customer information, product information and financial records. Over time, they have grown to use databases for more and more tasks, helping to automate and track operations.

e-Business is even more dependent upon databases. Without databases, e-business would not exist. e-Business is about taking how businesses have always operated and making them availableelectronically when and where customers want it. This could mean an individual buying an antique doll at 3 am off eBay, a college student getting a textbook from Amazon the week before classes start, or businesses ordering another gross of fasteners because a new order from overseas just arrived.

Databases are in constant use by almost every e-Business in existence. I say almost every, because there are a few tiny e-business operations that use e-mail and static web pages. The rest, no matter how small, use databases in some part of their operations – even if they do not realize it. From eBay sellers to Amazon Associates to Google Adsense providers, all of these business operations rely heavily on databases.

Independent operations use even more databases. Blogs and product catalogsrely on databases. Shopping carts and knowledge bases are also built on databases. Even simple forums and discussion boards are built around databases. Larger businesses add customer databases, product databases, support databases, financial databases, operational data stores (ODS), data warehouses (DW), and much more.

What is e-business? 

It is a fundamental change to the way an organization conducts business. An e-business uses Internet technology to:

• Attract, satisfy, and retain the customers who buy its products and services

• Streamline supply chain, manufacturing, and procurement systems to efficiently deliver the right products and services to the customers

• Automate corporate business processes to reduce cost and improve efficiency through self-service

• Capture, analyze, and share business intelligence about customers and company operations. This enables management to make better business decisions and to continually refine business strategy.
An e-business requires a variety of Internet-enabled applications including e-commerce Web sites, portals, supply-chain management, procurement management, online marketplaces, customer relationship management, and enterprise resource planning. All these applications must be integrated with one another to make an enterprise an e-business.

Figure Integration, the Key to E‐Business Drivers of E‐Business Integration


The necessity for businesses to become “zero latency organizations” drives enterprise-wide integration of information systems and applications. For instance, in a smoothly running e-business:


• An order received at an electronic storefront is automatically visible to a customer service representative who must answer customer inquiries about its status.

• The order is automatically propagated to a supply chain application to start a planning and execution operation.

• The order information is exchanged over the Internet with a supplier or partner who provides fulfillment and delivery.

These developments drive the need for e-business integration:

• “Mergers and Acquisitions”

• “Packaged Applications”

• Business Process Re-engineering

• Virtual, Dynamic Supply Chains

• Customer Relationship Management

• Corporate Self-Service

• Business-to-Business Commerce

• Application Service Providers and Hosting

To facilitate the management decision making at all levels of company, the MIS must be integrated. MIS units are companywide. MIS is available for the Top management. The top management of company should play an active role in designing, modifying and maintenance of the total organiza tion wide management information system.

Information system and Information technology have become a vital component of any successful business and are regarded as major functional areas just like any other functional area of a business organization like marketing, finance, production and HR. Thus it is important to understand the area of information system just like any other functional area in the  business. MIS is important because all businesses have a need for information about the tasks which are to be performed. Information and technology is used as a tool for solving problems and providing opportunities for increasing productivity and quality.

Information has always been important but it has never been so available, so current and so overwhelming. Efforts have  been made for collection and retrieval of information, However, challenges still remain in the selection analysis and interpretation of the information that will further improve decision making and productivity.

MIS for a Business Organization :

a. Support the Business Process :

Treats inputs as a request from the customer and outputs as services to customer. Supports current operations and use the system to influence further way of working.

b. Support Operation of a Business Organization :

MIS supports operations of a business organization by giving

organizations of the world. Basically the technology based information system is not very old. In past organizations used to use traditional management information system. The main purpose of management information system is to ensure the flow of appropriate information to the appropriate people of organization as well as parties related with organization. So that they can (Internal and external decision makers) can make good decisions for running the organization. The entire process objective is to provide complete, timely, reliable and quality information's to the decision makers. Todays managers depend on information systems for decision making. The managers have handful of data around them but manually they cannot process the data accurately and with in the short period of time available to them due to heavy competition in modern world. Therefore mangers depend on information systems.

Q. What do you mean by the term system?

The word ‘System’ is used quite often in our everyday life.

We talk about an educational system, political system, economic system, circulatory system, solar system, computer system, and so on. The common feature, which all these systems share, is that they are a collection of elements integrated to achieve the required goals. To be more specific and precise, a system may  be defined as a set of elements, joined together to achieve a common objective. For example, a business organisation can  be considered as a system, in which the parts (divisions, departments, sections, units, etc.) are joined together for a common goal. In such an organisation, it is clear that a system is not a randomly assembled set of elements; rather it consists of elements which can be identified as related to each other  because of a common purpose or a goal.

The word ‘system’ means different things to different people in different situations. If an office supervisor in a chairman’s office is asked ‘what is your system, it just means ‘I-Iow do you keep your files in such a way as to take one when wanted by  your boss? Q. Explain the important characteristics of information?  Ans: Some of the characteristics of good information are discussed as follows:

i. Understandable:

Since information is already in a summarized form, it must be understood by the receiver so that he will interpret it correctly. He must be able to decode any abbreviations, shorthand

notations or any other acronyms contained in the information.

ii. Relevant:

Information is good only if it is relevant. This means that it should be pertinent and meaningful to the decision maker and should be in his area of responsibility.

iii. Complete:

It should contain all the facts that are necessary for the decision maker to satisfactorily solve the problem at hand using such information. Nothing important should be left out.  Although information cannot always be complete, every reasonable effort should be made to obtain it.

iv. Available:

Information may be useless if it is not readily accessible ‘ in the desired form, when it is needed. Advances in technology have made information more accessible today than ever  before.

 v. Reliable:

The information should be counted on to be trustworthy. It should be accurate, consistent with facts and verifiable. Inadequate or incorrect information generally leads to decisions of poor quality. For example, sales figures that have not been adjusted for returns and refunds are not reliable.

 vi. Concise:

Too much information is a big burden on management and cannot be processed in time and accurately due to “bounded rationality”. Bounded rationality determines the limits of the

thinking process which cannot sort out and process large amounts of information. Accordingly, information should be to the point and just enough

–

 no more, no less.

 vii. Timely:

Information must be delivered at the right time and the right place to the right person. Premature information can become obsolete or be forgotten by the time it is actually needed. Similarly, some crucial decisions can be delayed because proper and necessary information is not available in time, resulting in missed opportunities. Accordingly the time gap  between collection of data and the presentation of the proper information to the decision maker must be reduced as much as possible.

 viii. Cost-effective:

The information is not desirable if the solution is more costly than the problem. The cost of gathering data and processing

it into information must be weighed against the benefits derived from using such information.

What is 'Portfolio Management'

Portfolio management is the art and science of making decisions about investment mix and policy, matching investments to objectives, asset allocation for individuals and institutions, and balancing risk against performance. Portfolio management is all about determining strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the choice of debt vs. equity, domestic vs. international, growth vs. safety, and many other trade-offs encountered in the attempt to maximize return at a given appetite for risk.

The Key Elements of Portfolio Management

Asset Allocation: 

The key to effective portfolio management is the long-term mix of assets. Asset allocation is based on the understanding that different types of assets do not move in concert, and some are more volatile than others. Asset allocation seeks to optimize the risk/return profile of an investor by investing in a mix of assets that have low correlation to each other. Investors with a more aggressive profile can weight their portfolio toward more volatile investments. Investors with a more conservative profile can weight their portfolio toward more stable investments.

Diversification: 

The only certainty in investing is it is impossible to consistently predict the winners and losers, so the prudent approach is to create a basket of investments that provide broad exposure within an asset class. Diversification is the spreading of risk and reward within an asset class. Because it is difficult to know which particular subset of an asset class or sector is likely to outperform another, diversification seeks to capture the returns of all of the sectors over time but with less volatility at any one time. Proper diversification takes place across different classes of securities, sectors of the economy and geographical regions.

Rebalancing: 

This is a method used to return a portfolio to its original target allocation at annual intervals. It is important for retaining the asset mix that best reflects an investor’s risk/return profile. Otherwise, the movements of the markets could expose the portfolio to greater risk or reduced return opportunities. For example, a portfolio that starts out with a 70% equity and 30% fixed-income allocation could, through an extended market rally, shift to an 80/20 allocation that exposes the portfolio to more risk than the investor can tolerate. Rebalancing almost always entails the sale of high-priced/low-value securities and the redeployment of the proceeds into low-priced/high-value or out-of-favor securities. The annual iteration of rebalancing enables investors to capture gains and expand the opportunity for growth in high potential sectors while keeping the portfolio aligned with the investor’s risk/return profile.



See your Second block for more detail MCS-052 2nd block

IGNOU MCA 5TH SEMESTER SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS 2016-17, IGNOU MCA FIFTH SEMESTER ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD, IGNOU MCA FIFTH SEMESTER SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS PDF :

The top distance university offers MCA discipline which comes under SCHOOL OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES (SOCIS). The university provides the MCA 5th semester assignment booklet of July 2016 and Jan 2017 on its official website www.ignou.ac.in. We suggest students to choose their session and download the mca 5th semester assignments accordingly as per their admission. The IGNOU also send 5th semester assignment question booklet to the registered student physical address. For July – December Session 2016, the submission schedule is 15th October 2016, 31st October, 2016 while For January – June Session 2017, the submission schedule is 15th April, 2017, 30th April, 2017. Students whose are enrolled in MCA – Master of Computer Applications in July 2016 and January 2017 cycle and are looking for IGNOU MCA 5th Semester Solved Assignment 2016-17 in the form of PDF for free download, then you are at right place at no cost. So, just click on the link below to download it according to your course :

IGNOU MCA 5TH SEMESTER SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS 2016-17
COURSE CODE	COURSE TITLE	DOWNLOAD
MCS-051	Advanced Internet Technologies	Click Here
MCS-052	Principles of Management and Information Systems	Click Here
MCS-053	Computer Graphics and Multimedia	Click Here
MCSL-54	Lab (based on MCS 51 and MCS 53)	Click Here
MCSE-3	Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Management	Click Here
MCSE-4	Numerical and Statistical Computing	Click Here
MCSE-11	Parallel Computing	Click Here

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