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Introduction

Project Name: - Medical Store Management
This project is used mainly for medical stores to maintain the details of medical store such as stock and account.
This medical shop management software is so designed as to ease the work load of medical shop professionals. The main feature includes inventory and stock control, accounting, client management

Scope & Objectives

As this is generic software it can be used by a wide variety of outlets (Retailers) to automate the process of manually maintaining the records related to the subject of maintaining the stock and cash flows.

This project is basically updating the manual chemist inventory System To Automated inventory system, So that organization can manage their record in efficient and organized form.

This software helps you to track all the products of medical shop moreover it’s a medical shop accounting software. Flexible and adaptive software suited to medical shops or stores or pharmacies of any size.

 Project Characteristics:

 Customer management

 Transition management

 Sales management

 Reporting

 The main goal of the application is to maintain the records of purchase, Sales and stock details with cash transaction maintenance.

 Medical Store Management software is very needy for Medical Store . This software help them maintain day to day transactions in computer.

Background & Specification

A medical store needs to maintain its inventory of medicines and other products using a

computerized system. It is planning to create a network of computers which should be

placed at various sales and cash counters. It also proposes to have a centralized

workstation for the database and system administrators. Customer orders are accepted

at the sales counters which in turn produces a medicine collection challan. The challan

includes the order number, name of medicine, batch number, date of expiry, shelf

number where it is kept and quantity ordered. One order may contain more than one

medicine. As per challan, medicines are put in a basket by a person, who passes it to

billing assistant. Billing assistant checks the medicine is as per the challan, any

shortcoming is either corrected or reported to customer. On receiving conformation

from the customer the bill is generated. The cash counter collects the money as per the

bill and dispenses the medicine to the customer.

Project Features

 There Will be two user Accessing System System

 Manager : Who will act As Administrator

 Other Staff: Who Will accessing the System

 User The Features for manager are

 Add ,delete update any product

 Manage store i-e(put price,make salaries,Calculate Revenue )

User Classes and Characteristics

 User Of project include customers and staff

 Customer can be Member or visitor who are accessing this system.

 Staff Which act as administrator and controlling overall system

 User Should IT literate And know to use computer

 Cashier Should Know Data entry & Typing

 Manager should have knowledge of Internet & Browsing

Operating environment

 This project will be operating in windows environment.Also compatible with internet explorer.

 The only requirement For using this project is having machine. Design and implemention constraints

 This project is developed using java.on the back hand for database we are using Sql server. The product is Accomplished With the login facility for user. User Documentation

 This project will include a user manual. The user manual include Complete overview of the producst,Configuration of the Tool used (Sql Sever or other), technical details, backup procedures and Contact Information which will include email address and Ph# .

Hardware Requirements

 Processor : 1.6 Ghz and above

 RAM : 1GB RAM

 Monitor : 1 5”Colour Monitor

 Processor Speed : 1.7 GHZ

 Hard disk : 10GB HDD

 CD Drive : 52- X CD ROM

 Keyboard : Mercury 110 Keys

 Mouse : Logitech Mouse

System Features Description & priorirty

 Proposed Database is intended to store, retrieve, update, andmanipulate information related to Chemist which include

 Order Processing & taking

 Staff information

 Customer Bill Detail

 Product Details

 Calculation of Revenue

 Searching of product

 Remainder About Products expiry,Shaortage

 Generate Reports

Functional Requirements

 The software must allow input of products data from Administrator& secured access at , and from the data streaming real-time monitoring equipment

 The project must request username and password for access to data, only after authentication will allow access to the system.

 The project must require high levels of error correction and input validation.

 The project must allow browsing by the Director&Staff of Cms To Acces And update information products & Customers ,vendors.

 The project must identify the Products & Customer by a unique numeric identifier derived from a function performed on the Customer’s birth date or product Id;

Safety Requirements

 The Database may get crashed or damaged due to some viruses or operating system requirements.Therefore Its is mandatory to have backup for your data.Ups/inverter facility should be there in case of power failure.

 Security Requirements

 System will use secure Database

 Staff can just see the products & mark their attendance .They Cannot edit or,modify anything except their personal information.

 Proper user Authentication Will be provided.

 There should be separate account for Admin &user. So that no one else can access the database except Admin.

User requirements

 The User Of system are Staff ,Managers and customer of the store.
 The members share assumed to have basic knowledge of computer & internet browsing While administrator of system should have more knowledge so he/she can resolve small problems and perform information’s.
 The user manual ,installation guide and other related material should be sufficient to educate the user how to use and maintain the system.

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Data Mining: What is Data Mining?

Overview

Generally, data mining (sometimes called data or knowledge discovery) is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information - information that can be used to increase revenue, cuts costs, or both. Data mining software is one of a number of analytical tools for analyzing data. It allows users to analyze data from many different dimensions or angles, categorize it, and summarize the relationships identified. Technically, data mining is the process of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases.

Continuous Innovation

Although data mining is a relatively new term, the technology is not. Companies have used powerful computers to sift through volumes of supermarket scanner data and analyze market research reports for years. However, continuous innovations in computer processing power, disk storage, and statistical software are dramatically increasing the accuracy of analysis while driving down the cost.

Example

For example, one Midwest grocery chain used the data mining capacity of Oracle software to analyze local buying patterns. They discovered that when men bought diapers on Thursdays and Saturdays, they also tended to buy beer. Further analysis showed that these shoppers typically did their weekly grocery shopping on Saturdays. On Thursdays, however, they only bought a few items. The retailer concluded that they purchased the beer to have it available for the upcoming weekend. The grocery chain could use this newly discovered information in various ways to increase revenue. For example, they could move the beer display closer to the diaper display. And, they could make sure beer and diapers were sold at full price on Thursdays.

Data, Information, and Knowledge

Data

Data are any facts, numbers, or text that can be processed by a computer. Today, organizations are accumulating vast and growing amounts of data in different formats and different databases. This includes:

operational or transactional data such as, sales, cost, inventory, payroll, and accounting

nonoperational data, such as industry sales, forecast data, and macro economic data

meta data - data about the data itself, such as logical database design or data dictionary definitions

Information

The patterns, associations, or relationships among all this data can provide information. For example, analysis of retail point of sale transaction data can yield information on which products are selling and when.

Knowledge

Information can be converted into knowledge about historical patterns and future trends. For example, summary information on retail supermarket sales can be analyzed in light of promotional efforts to provide knowledge of consumer buying behavior. Thus, a manufacturer or retailer could determine which items are most susceptible to promotional efforts.

Data Warehouses

Dramatic advances in data capture, processing power, data transmission, and storage capabilities are enabling organizations to integrate their various databases into data warehouses. Data warehousing is defined as a process of centralized data management and retrieval. Data warehousing, like data mining, is a relatively new term although the concept itself has been around for years. Data warehousing represents an ideal vision of maintaining a central repository of all organizational data. Centralization of data is needed to maximize user access and analysis. Dramatic technological advances are making this vision a reality for many companies. And, equally dramatic advances in data analysis software are allowing users to access this data freely. The data analysis software is what supports data mining.

What can data mining do?

Data mining is primarily used today by companies with a strong consumer focus - retail, financial, communication, and marketing organizations. It enables these companies to determine relationships among "internal" factors such as price, product positioning, or staff skills, and "external" factors such as economic indicators, competition, and customer demographics. And, it enables them to determine the impact on sales, customer satisfaction, and corporate profits. Finally, it enables them to "drill down" into summary information to view detail transactional data.
With data mining, a retailer could use point-of-sale records of customer purchases to send targeted promotions based on an individual's purchase history. By mining demographic data from comment or warranty cards, the retailer could develop products and promotions to appeal to specific customer segments.
For example, Blockbuster Entertainment mines its video rental history database to recommend rentals to individual customers. American Express can suggest products to its cardholders based on analysis of their monthly expenditures.
WalMart is pioneering massive data mining to transform its supplier relationships. WalMart captures point-of-sale transactions from over 2,900 stores in 6 countries and continuously transmits this data to its massive 7.5 terabyte Teradata data warehouse. WalMart allows more than 3,500 suppliers, to access data on their products and perform data analyses. These suppliers use this data to identify customer buying patterns at the store display level. They use this information to manage local store inventory and identify new merchandising opportunities. In 1995, WalMart computers processed over 1 million complex data queries.
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is exploring a data mining application that can be used in conjunction with image recordings of basketball games. The Advanced Scout software analyzes the movements of players to help coaches orchestrate plays and strategies. For example, an analysis of the play-by-play sheet of the game played between the New York Knicks and the Cleveland Cavaliers on January 6, 1995 reveals that when Mark Price played the Guard position, John Williams attempted four jump shots and made each one! Advanced Scout not only finds this pattern, but explains that it is interesting because it differs considerably from the average shooting percentage of 49.30% for the Cavaliers during that game.
By using the NBA universal clock, a coach can automatically bring up the video clips showing each of the jump shots attempted by Williams with Price on the floor, without needing to comb through hours of video footage. Those clips show a very successful pick-and-roll play in which Price draws the Knick's defense and then finds Williams for an open jump shot.

How does data mining work?

While large-scale information technology has been evolving separate transaction and analytical systems, data mining provides the link between the two. Data mining software analyzes relationships and patterns in stored transaction data based on open-ended user queries. Several types of analytical software are available: statistical, machine learning, and neural networks. Generally, any of four types of relationships are sought:

Classes: Stored data is used to locate data in predetermined groups. For example, a restaurant chain could mine customer purchase data to determine when customers visit and what they typically order. This information could be used to increase traffic by having daily specials.

Clusters: Data items are grouped according to logical relationships or consumer preferences. For example, data can be mined to identify market segments or consumer affinities.

Associations: Data can be mined to identify associations. The beer-diaper example is an example of associative mining.

Sequential patterns: Data is mined to anticipate behavior patterns and trends. For example, an outdoor equipment retailer could predict the likelihood of a backpack being purchased based on a consumer's purchase of sleeping bags and hiking shoes.

Data mining consists of five major elements:

Extract, transform, and load transaction data onto the data warehouse system.

Store and manage the data in a multidimensional database system.

Provide data access to business analysts and information technology professionals.

Analyze the data by application software.

Present the data in a useful format, such as a graph or table.

Different levels of analysis are available:

Artificial neural networks: Non-linear predictive models that learn through training and resemble biological neural networks in structure.

Genetic algorithms: Optimization techniques that use processes such as genetic combination, mutation, and natural selection in a design based on the concepts of natural evolution.

Decision trees: Tree-shaped structures that represent sets of decisions. These decisions generate rules for the classification of a dataset. Specific decision tree methods include Classification and Regression Trees (CART) and Chi Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) . CART and CHAID are decision tree techniques used for classification of a dataset. They provide a set of rules that you can apply to a new (unclassified) dataset to predict which records will have a given outcome. CART segments a dataset by creating 2-way splits while CHAID segments using chi square tests to create multi-way splits. CART typically requires less data preparation than CHAID.

Nearest neighbor method: A technique that classifies each record in a dataset based on a combination of the classes of the k record(s) most similar to it in a historical dataset (where k 1). Sometimes called the k-nearest neighbor technique.

Rule induction: The extraction of useful if-then rules from data based on statistical significance.

Data visualization: The visual interpretation of complex relationships in multidimensional data. Graphics tools are used to illustrate data relationships.

What technological infrastructure is required?

Today, data mining applications are available on all size systems for mainframe, client/server, and PC platforms. System prices range from several thousand dollars for the smallest applications up to $1 million a terabyte for the largest. Enterprise-wide applications generally range in size from 10 gigabytes to over 11 terabytes. NCR has the capacity to deliver applications exceeding 100 terabytes. There are two critical technological drivers:

Size of the database: the more data being processed and maintained, the more powerful the system required.

Query complexity: the more complex the queries and the greater the number of queries being processed, the more powerful the system required.

Relational database storage and management technology is adequate for many data mining applications less than 50 gigabytes. However, this infrastructure needs to be significantly enhanced to support larger applications. Some vendors have added extensive indexing capabilities to improve query performance. Others use new hardware architectures such as Massively Parallel Processors (MPP) to achieve order-of-magnitude improvements in query time. For example, MPP systems from NCR link hundreds of high-speed Pentium processors to achieve performance levels exceeding those of the largest supercomputers.

(a) Fire Wall

It is the first line of defense for any computer system or network. All packets that enter the network should come though this point. A modern firewall is a system of applications and hardware working together. A sophisticated firewall performs a combination of packet filtering network address translation and proxy services. FIrewalls have two general methods of implementing security for a network .Firewall have two general methods of implementing security for a network and are explained below

1 Packet filtering:

Packet filering were designed to look at header information of the packet. packet filtering, the first type of firewall used by many organizatin to protect their network. The general method of implementing a packet filter was to use a router

2 proxy servers:

Proxy servers use software to imtercept network traffic that is destined for a given application. The proxy server, recognizes the request and behalf of the client makes the request to external server. Instead, the proxy functions as middleman and speaks to both the client and server

(B) packet Switching:

· Packet switching combines the advantages of message and circuit switching.

· Packet switching is functionally similar to message switching, in which data is transmitted in block, stored by the first switching node it meets in the network and is forwarded to the next and subsequent downstream nodes until it reaches the destination.

· The message is fragmented in small fixed size packets in packet switching network. Typical lengh of packets is between 1 kilobyers to 4 kilobytes

· In virtual circuit approach, a fixed logical path though the network from the sender to the receiver is established befor any packets are sent. This path remains unchanged for the duration of the sesseion.

(c) Unguided Transmission media

which does not guide along a physical path e.g. propagation through air, water or vacuum.

Twisted pair cable

Physical description:

· consist of two insulated copper wires arranged in a regular spiral pattern, acts as a single communication link

· bundled together into a cable by wrapping them in tough protective sheath.

· The twisting tends to decrease the cross- talk interfarenes between adjacent pair in a cable. the twist lengh varies from 2 to6 per inch.

· Thickness is 0.016 inch to 0.036 inch.

Application

· Used for both analog and digital signals.

· Used in telephone network.

· Used in local area networks.

· It is widely used due to easy handling and teast expensive.

(d) Multi threading

Multitherading is a popular technology that is used to improve application performace throgh parallel execution of multiple threads. A thread is alight weight process

(1) Hardening the O/S and application code

MIcrosoft peridically ditributes large updates to its OS in the form of service packs. Service Packs include all the major and minor fixes up. microsoft also distributes intermediate updates to their operating systems in the form of Hotfix.

The following steps descrive the automated process of deisoverting and installing service packs and hotfixes to a window 2000 system

· Open IE (internet Explorer)

· Go to tools - windwos update

· when askesd if you trust microsoft, say YEs.

(2) Hardening the file system security

In this case , we have to make sure that the hard drive partitions are formatted with NTFS. This file system is more secure than FAT of FAT32 schemes

Step1: check your hard drive partitions

· Log in as Administrator

· Double click on My computer

· Right CLick on each Hard Drive and Chosse properties

· Generat tab will identify the File system type.

Step2: Converting FAT or FAT32 partitions to NTFS

· Go ro start- RUN

· Type cmd and click OK

· At command prompt issue the following command convert drive

· Hit return to run the command

· Reboot the system.

(3) Hardening the local security policies

While many system attacks take advantage of software inadequacy, many also make use of user accounts. To prevent such sort of vulnerability, "policies" or rules defien what sort or account/password " behavior" is appropriate, what type of auditing is required.

Account policy answers the following.

· How often do I need to change my password?

· How long or how complex does my password need to be?

Auditing policies determine what kind of security transactions are recorded in the security Event Long.

(1) repeater

Repeaters: repeters also called regenerator, are physical hardware device. They connet two network segments and broadcast packets between them they have the primary function to regenerate the electrical signal:

· Reshaping the wavefrom

· Amplifying the waveform

· Retiming the singnal, to avoid collision on the network

As signal travels along a cable, its strength or amplitude decreases. This is called attenuation. In other words, the signal attenuates as it travels along a cable. This limits the length of a cable used to connect the computers together. Since singnal is a factor in the maximum length of a segment, repeater can cable length. A repeater has intelligence so that it takes a weak signal from one cable segment, regenerates it and passes it on to the next segment. The repeater does not amplift the original signal, it regenrates the original bit pattern.

(2) Hub

Hubs can also be called either MUlti port Tepeaters or concentrators. They are physical hardware devices. A hub is similar to a repeater, except that it broadcasts data received by any port to all other ports on the hub. Intelligent Hubs can perform basic diagnostics, and test the nodes to see if they are operating correctly. If they are not, the samrt hubs(or Intelligents Hubs) will remove the node form the network. Hubs are used to provide a physical star Topology the logical Topology is dependent on the medium Access control Protocol.

(3) Bridge

A bridge sends the data frames only to the concerned segment, thus preventing excess traffic. A bridge can split an overloaded network into two separate network, reducing the amount to traffic on each segment and thus making each network more efficient. Bridges can also be used to connect dissimilar networks like Ethernet system to a Token Ring system. Bridges are both hardware and software devices.

(4) Router

A router can connect network that use different technologies, addressing methods, media type, frame formats and speeds. A router keeps track of the address of all the segment of a network and can even determine the best path for sending data. Routers do not pass broadcast traffic.

(5) Gateway

A gateway is the Hardware software that is used to interconnect LANs and WANs. Gateway are much more complex and powerful than a router. They are slower than a router and are expensive. A grateway incorporates the functions of routers and bridges, but it can translate instruction set on sending network into corresponding instruction set of the receiving network.

(1)cAT[OPTIONS] FILE - concatenate (list) a file

(2) diff [option] file1 file2 - compare the two files and display the differnces (text files only)

(3) sort [option] file - read commands form the file and execute them in the current shell. source: C shell, :Bpurne charc

(4)cmp[option] file1 file2 - compress file and save it as file.Z

· To provide an enviroment for a computer user to execute programs on computer hardware in a convenient and efficient manner.

· To allocate the separate resources of the computer as needed to solve the problem given. The allocation process should be as fair and efficient as prossible

Following are the characteristics:

Open graphics library(Open GL): Cross-platform standard specification for multimedia graphics.

Direct X: collection of APIs related to multimedia tasks for microsoft Windows.

Command Line Interface(CLI): The user types commands at a prompt.

Graphical User Interface (GUI): The user interacts with menus and icons.

Control Hardware Access: The operating system manages the interaction between application and the hardware. To access and communicate with the hardware, the operating system intalls a device driver for each hardware component.

Trusted computer system evaluation criteria is a united states government Department of Defense standard that sets basic requirement for assessing the effectiveness of computer security controls built into a computer system. The TCSEC was used to evalute, classify and select computer system being considered for the processing, storage and retrieval or classified information.

Divisions and classes:

The TCSEC defines four divisions: D,C,B and A where division A has the highest security. Each division represents a significant difference in the trust an individual or organization can place on the evaluated system. Additionally divisions C, B and A are broken into a series of hierarchical subdivisions called classes: C1, C2, B1,B2, B3 and A1.

Each division and class expands or modifies as indicated the requirements of the immediately prior higher division.

A network topology refers to the physical layout of the network in which all the devices are connected. This includes all the hardware that makes up the network. The points of connection to the network by the stations are called nodes or workstations.A number of possible network topologies are available. The choice of network topology for installing a computer network depends upon a combination of following factors:

· Desired performeace of the system

· Desired reliability of the entire system

· Size of the system

· Expendability of the system

· cost of the components and services required to implement the network

· Availability of communication lines.

1. linear bus

A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end. All nodes are connected to the linear cable

2.Star

A star topology is designed with each node connected directly to a central network hub or conceentrator. Data on a star network passes through the hub or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub or concentrator manages and controls all function of the network . It also acts as a repeater for the data flow.

3. star wired ring

A star wired ring topology my appear to be the same as a star topology. Internally, the MAU( multistation acces unit) of a star wired ring contains wiring that allows information to pass from one device to another in a circle or ring.

4. Mesh topology

In a mesh topology, each computer on network has redundant data paths. The mesh topology provides fault tolerance if a wire, hub , switch, or other component fails, data can travel along an alternate path. A digram of a mesh network looks like a fishing net.

The memory management subsystem is one of the most important parts of the operating system. The memory management subsystem includes:

Protection: Each process in th system has its own virtual address space. These virtual address space are compeletly separate from each other and so a process running one application cannot affect another.

large address space: The operating system makes the system appear as if it has a larger amount of memory than it actually has. The virtual memory can be many times larger than the physical memory the physical memory in the system.

Memory mapping: Memory mapping is used to map image and data files into a processes address space. In memory mapping, the contents of a file are linked directly into the virtual address space of a process.

Fair Physical memory allocation: The memory management subsystem allows each running process in the system a fair share of the physical memory of the system.

Shared virtual memory: There could be several processes in the system running concurrently and simultaneously depending upon the number of processors residing in the system but might be using the common file.

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Ignou MCA Solved Question Paper

Problem Detail:
enter image description here

From the above image, while trying to maintain an AVL tree data structure, how would the tree look after inserting the value 10? Also, if anyone has any suggestions or simple method of rotating, feel free to share. I am a bit lost with this idea of maintaining a certain height in this data structure.

Asked By : smac89

Answered By : nonexplosive

AVL trees should be binary search trees. In the example you gave, 2 is the right child of 3. That isn't right since 2 < 3. Assume the 2 and 3 are switched, which results in a correct binary tree.
Remember the rule for AVL trees: for any node, the height difference between the left child and right child is at most 1. Following the tree down, the 10 is inserted as the right child of 9. This breaks the rule. Look at the subtree rooted at 6. The height of the left child is 0 while the height of the right child is 2. The tree must be rotated, which is the tricky part. 8 becomes the right child of 4. 6 becomes the left child of 8. 7 becomes the right child of 6. After all of that, the final AVL tree would look like this:

(courtesy of Uottawa). I always visualized rotations like this:

With your left hand, "hold" the 6 and "detach" it from the 4.
With your right hand, "hold" the 8.
"Drop" the 6 so that it swings counterclockwise, due to gravity of course. (6 is now the left child of 8)
The 6 "hits" the 7. (7 is now the right child of 6)
"Attach" this whole subtree (now rooted at 8, since the 6 "fell") back onto the 4.

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