[Solved]: What is an "encoding" of a TM?

Problem Detail: 

I'm currently working on a reduction from $A_{TM}$ to another language, and have been reading through some example proofs. I've come across the situation where, for example, we have $L = \{ \langle M,w \rangle | \text{ ...etc} \}$, where obviously this would normally stand for $M$ being a TM and $w$ being a string. However, later in the proofs, we replace the $w$ (a string) with an "encoding of a turing machine". Sometimes it's even "an encoding of the TM, $M$".

I'm rather lost on this idea. How do we pass an "encoding of a TM" into a parameter for a string? How do we run that on a TM? Maybe I'm misunderstanding the definition of an "encoding of a TM", which I assume to be the TM itself somehow converted into a string format.

Would anyone mind explaining this to me? I'm sure truly understanding this concept would immensely help me in writing further reductions.

Asked By : user3472798

Answered By : Ran G.

A Turing machine $M$ can be described as a 7-tuple $(Q,F,q_0,\Sigma,\Gamma,\delta, blank)$. This means that if someone gives you this 7-tuple, then the TM is well-defined, and you can precisely define how it behaves, etc.

The encoding of a TM, usually denoted as $\langle M \rangle$ is a string that encompasses all the information of the 7-tuple describing $M$. You can think of it as "writing the 7-tuple as a binary string" (but this is a simplification). So the encoding of M, is just a string that describes how the TM works.

The last observation is that if you know the encoding - you know everything about the TM; specifically, if $\langle M \rangle$ is given as an input (to a machine $M'$), the TM $M'$ can "run" or "simulate" what $M$ would have done on any given input -- the machine $M'$ knows the states $Q$ of $M$ and the transition $\delta$ of $M$, so it can imitate its actions, step by step.

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Question Source : http://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/49615