How many max heaps are there?

Problem Detail: 

How many different max-heaps can I form using a list of $n$ integers.

Example: list [1,2,3,4]

and max-heap is 4 3 2 1 or

    4    / \   3   2  / 1 

other possible max-heap is 4 2 3 1

    4     / \   2   3   / 1 

Asked By : Pratik Deoghare

Answered By : A.Schulz

I did not find a closed form, but according to this entry in the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences the sequence starts with

1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 8, 20, 80, 210, 896, 3360, 19200, 79200, 506880, 2745600, 21964800, 108108000, 820019200, 5227622400, 48881664000, 319258368000, ...

You can find a not-so-nice recursion in the OEIS database. Basically the idea is as follows. The root of an $n$-ary heap is always the maximum. The two subtrees hanging off the root are again maxheaps. Their size depends on $n$, is a bit tedious to compute the sizes $n_1,n_2$ (see the OEIS entry), clearly $n_1+n_2=n-1$. We can now pick, which elements go to the left heap and which go to the right heap. There are ${n-1 \choose n_1}$ ways how to distribute the elements. This gives the recurrence

$$ a(n)= {n-1 \choose n_1} a(n_1)a(n_2).$$

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Question Source : http://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/6456